S ගොනුව

S උපශක්ති මටිටමට ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන පිරි සෑදි ඇති
ක්ෂාර ලෝහ අඩංගු iA කාණ්ඩයත් ක්ෂාරිය පාංශලෝහ
අඩංගු iiA කාණ්ඩයත් S ගොනුව ලෙස හදුන්වයි

ජලය සමග
පළමු වන කාණ්යේ ලෝහ සියල්ල ම ජලය සමග ප්‍රතික්‍රියා කර
H2O පිට කරමින් හයිඩ්රොක්සයිඩ බවට පත් වේ.
නිදසුන්:
Na ජලය සමග වේගයෙන් ප්‍රතිකිරියා කරමින් හයිඩ්රජන් පිට කරයි

2Na(s) + 2H 2O(l)→2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

http://videos.sciencelk.club/video/2333/s-%E0%B6%9C-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%AD-%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80-%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A-s-block

http://videos.sciencelk.club/video/1751/a-l-chemistry-s-block-02

D ගොනුව
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/colour.html
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Crystal_Field_Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFwcdqkq1CI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wm6Oc1QlFYs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jltLlzZ6FqU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0N2IwCvIq0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErYX4PHQI3E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AD9z7fkRGC8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ0j7rcr8tI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noJG9oQisZw

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58VmixV906wT01oRHk4TnZFV0U/view

P ගොනුව

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0lnuQfGrHA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duTuWDSPIKA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp8aTVmc540

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0lnuQfGrHA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uby_Tx12kLI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHHXRlxsgtk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKZd-Tg-HdU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyL4Mg79fsY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FqxBEMDQNQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bj0_Ykp77xk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUHOizz1vJE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaBmPDR0bN0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUpyR-W1Y-o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNrVlpySzc4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D1jSYCNZqM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yly6NCEwK6o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyNnT1PrIaA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAp0BRHzwKE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KS0VsUMBLi4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1SOz9oHkKI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Idm8tSzkPpo

Xiv A
http://videos.sciencelk.club/video/2166/p-%E0%B6%9C-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B7%80-14-iv-a-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%AB-%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%AD-%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4-%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B6-%E0%B6%BD-%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B8-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83-%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA-%E0%B6%B8-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%AF-%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%AD-p-block

Xiii A
http://videos.sciencelk.club/video/2052/p-%E0%B6%9C-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B7%80-13-iii-a-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%AB-%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA-%E0%B7%83-%E0%B7%80-%E0%B6%AF-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%BA-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD-%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD-%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A-short-notes-%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A7-%E0%B6%B8-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA

XviiA
http://videos.sciencelk.club/video/2304/p-%E0%B6%9C-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B7%80-%E0%B7%84-%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA-%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%B1-%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4-%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80-17-vii-a-%E0%B6%9A-%E0%B6%AB-%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA-part-4-i-p-block-group-17-halogens

Short Note Link

https://www.google.com/search?q=p+block+short+note+in+sinhala&client=firefox-b-d&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=r0G_rrqhYXTKOM%252CiDoaX8iI6i2xwM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQvAfxW-B2jGLqhYeZwzdfebjR3iA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7rfPCucbqAhXYZSsKHUH0BpUQ9QEwDXoECAQQBQ&biw=1366&bih=626

https://www.mathsapi.com/2017/10/unit-04-gaseous-state-of-matter-short.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7W57PavGaA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0NAFOG3DZQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HPi7X2yhbw

අගුරු කුට්ටි පරික්ෂාව

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4TohPX_08c&t=121s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrKTuJeG30A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtX0w4RWHNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sMd9bCk5Xk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4CY1rij36c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr5_4v3LptM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJm_DpgSp74&list=PLlzJlvYW1Kqaaw6_8wehl7CQF5KXgi7Ac

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrp_nBK1jrg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUeLH8m9Zmc&feature=share

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5VpvDbXKzA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKYteV7EmBI&feature=share

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oY8gAjoFq8c&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLdrpV2RBus&feature=share

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHxcXeg0LFE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oY8gAjoFq8c&t=2s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGy_fYsBat8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZPpkPaRuh4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zW6RDszhZBM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrhbA6Iwxx4

Beryllium

Reaction of beryllium with acids

Beryllium is passivated by oxygen, forming a BeO surface which is resistant to acid. On a fresh surface, without the protective layer, beryllium dissolves readily in dilute acids such as sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄, hydrochloric acid, HCl, and nitric acid, HNO₃, forming Be(II) ions and hydrogen gas, H₂.

Ba(s) + 2 H⁺(aq)

Ba²⁺(aq) + H₂(g)

Reaction of beryllium with air

Beryllium is passivated by oxygen, forming a BeO surface. Normally beryllium cannot be oxidized, even when heating to 600 °C, but powdered beryllium can be brought to burn in air, forming beryllium oxide, BeO and beryllium nitride, Be₃N₂.

2 Be(s) + O₂(g)

2 BeO(s)
3 Be(s) + N₂(g)

Be₃N₂(s)

Reaction of beryllium with halogens

Beryllium metal reacts with chlorine, Cl₂ and bromine, Br₂, forming the corresponding beryllium(II)dihalides.

Be(s) + Cl₂(g)

BeCl₂(s)
Be(s) + Br₂(g)

BeBr₂(s)

Reaction of beryllium with air

2 BeO(s)
3 Be(s) + N₂(g)

Be₃N₂(s)

Reaction of beryllium with water

Beryllium does not react with water or steam, even if the metal is heated to red hot.

Quantitative analysis

Method 3500-Be C Inductively Coupled Plasma Method [1]. A portion of the sample is digested in a combination of acids. The digest is aspirated into an 8,000 K argon plasma where resulting light emission is quantified for 30 elements simultaneously.

Method limit of detection in water = 0.001 mg/L
Method limit of detection in soil = 0.10 mg/kg

From- (https://pilgaardelements.com/Beryllium/Reactions.htm)

Aluminum

Reaction of aluminium with acids

Aluminium dissolves readily in dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid under the formation of Al(III) and hydrogen H₂. Concentrated nitric acid passivates aluminium metal.

2 Al(s) + 3 H₂SO₄(aq)

2 Al³⁺(aq) + 2 SO₄²⁻(aq) + 3 H₂(g) [2]
2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

2 Al³⁺(aq) + 6 Cl⁻(aq) + 3 H₂(g) [2]

Reaction of aluminium with air

Aluminium reacts with oxygen, forming a protective layer of alumnium(III) oxide that prevents further reaction with oxygen. Like magnesium, aluminium burns in oxygen with a brilliant white flame. The product in this reaction is also alumnium(III) oxide.

4 Al(s) + 3 O₂(g)

2 Al₂O₃(s)

Reaction of aluminium with ammonia

Aluminum ions are precipitated by NH₃ as Al(OH)₃. Al does not form complexes with NH₃. NH₄⁺ precipitates the [Al(OH)₃]⁻ complex upon evaporation of NH₃.

[Al(OH)₄]⁻(aq) + NH₄⁺(aq)

Al(OH)₃(s) + NH₃(g) + H₂O(l)

Reaction of aluminium with carbonates

Aluminum ions are precipitated by carbonate as Al(OH)₃ due to the equilibrium:

CO₃²⁻(aq) + H₂O(l)

HCO₃⁻(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
[Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺(aq) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

[Al(OH)₃(H₂O)₃](s) [white] + 3 H₂O(l)

The hydroxide is partially soluble in excess alkalimetal carbonate.

[Al(OH)₃(H₂O)₃](s) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

[Al(OH)₆]³⁻(aq) + 3 H₂O(l)

Reaction of aluminium with halogens

Aluminium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogens to form aluminium(III) halides.

2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g)

2 AlCl₃(s) [2]
2 Al(s) + 3 Br₂(g)

Al₂Br₆(s)
2 Al(s) + 3 I₂(g)

Al₂I₆(s)

Reaction of aluminium with hydroxide ions

Aluminium dissolves in sodium hydroxide with the formation of hydrogen gas, H₂, and the formation of aluminates of the type [Al(OH)₄]⁻.

2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) + 6 H₂O(l)

2 Na⁺(aq) + 2[Al(OH)₄]⁻(aq) + 3 H₂(g) [2]

Aluminum ions are precipitated by OH⁻ as a white gelatinous precipitate [2]:

Al³⁺(aq) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

Al(OH)₃(s) K_sp = 1.9·10^-33

At excess OH⁻ the Al(OH)₃ is dissolved:

Al(OH)₃(s) + OH⁻(aq)

[Al(OH)₄]⁻(aq)

Reaction of aluminium with phosphates

Aluminum ions are precipitated by hydrogen phosphate ions as AlPO₄ in neutral and acetic solutions (white precipitate):

Al³⁺(aq) + H₂PO₄⁻(aq)

AlPO₄(s) + 2H⁺(aq)

The precipitate is readily soluble in strong acids and bases:

AlPO₄(s) + 3 H⁺(aq)

Al³⁺(aq) + H₃PO₄(aq)
AlPO₄(s) + 4 OH⁻(aq)

[Al(OH)₄]⁻(aq) + PO₄³⁻(aq)

Reaction of aluminium with sulfide

Aluminum is not precipitated by sulfide ions at 0.4M HCl. Sodium sulfide will precipitate Al-ions as Al(OH)₃ [2]:

S²⁻(aq) + H₂O(l)

HS⁻(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

Al³⁺(aq) + 3 OH⁻(aq)

Al(OH)₃(s)

Misc. reactions of aluminium

Thermite reaction [2]:

2 Al(s) + Fe₂O₃(s)

2 Fe(s) + Al₂O₃(s) ΔH° = -851.4 kJ

Quantitative analysis

Method 3500-Al C Inductively Coupled Plasma Method [1]. A portion of the sample is digested in a combination of acids. The digest is aspirated into an 8,000 K argon plasma where resulting light emission is quantified for 30 elements simultaneously.

Method limit of detection in water = 0.05 mg/L
Method limit of detection in soil = 100 mg/kg

(From - https://pilgaardelements.com/Aluminum/Reactions.htm#:~:text=Aluminium%20reacts%20with%20oxygen%2C%20forming%20a%20protective%20layer,2%20%28g%29%202%20Al%202%20O%203%20%28s%29)